Vol 41 No 2 Original Article PDF

Association of Cumulative Dissipated Energy and Postoperative Foveal Thickness among Patients with Age-related Cataract who Underwent Uncomplicated Phacoemulsification

Joel M. Perez, MD, Manuel Benjamin B. Ibanez IV, MD, Sherman O. Valero, MD

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, accounting for 51% of the total cause of blindness.1 The advent of phacoemulsi cation has proved invaluable in curtailing the increase in blindness due to cataract.2 Phacoemulsi cation with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation generally has been considered safe and successful. However, like all surgeries, the procedure has its risks and postoperative complications. Postoperative complications of phacoemulsi cation include endothelial cell loss of the cornea sometimes resulting in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and postoperative intraocular pressure spike, both of which can be easily avoided through proper and ef cient technique in phacoemulsi cation. One well studied and signi cant postoperative complication of phacoemulsi cation is macular edema. Studies have shown a 0.4% to 2% incidence of visual loss due to macular edema.2 In postoperative macular edema, foveal thickness is found to be increased. With foveal thickness being a factor in post­surgical outcomes of phacoemulsi cation speci cally visual acuity, a rarely addressed relationship is how the amount of phacoemulsi cation energy over time is related to postoperative foveal thickness.

Phacoemulsi cation energy expended, measured as cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), is total phacoemulsi cation time in minutes multiplied by average phacoemulsi cation power % divided by 100.3,4 CDE is a phacoemulsi cation unit designed as an aid for surgeons to monitor the amount of energy delivered into the ocular tissues during phacoemulsi cation and is speci cally a built-in feature in Alcon In niti machines.3 Studies have already shown that less CDE during a phacoemulsi cation procedure results to a better surgical outcome, speci cally in corneal recovery.5 However, few literature exists regarding the correlation of CDE and foveal thickness. There is still no de nite consensus on the correlation of the postoperative foveal thickness as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with regards to cumulative dissipated energy.

The purpose of this study is to determine the association between the amount of CDE and postoperative foveal thickness in uncomplicated phacoemulsi cation cases. With this study, if a strong correlation between CDE and postoperative foveal thickness is established, CDE can be introduced as a measure of surgical ef ciency that may aid in improving surgical outcomes in phacoemulsi cation in terms of foveal thickness.

 

METHODOLOGY

One hundred eyes of 93 patients diagnosed with age­related cataract who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsi cation and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were enrolled in this prospective cross­ sectional study. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects that participated in this study. All patients underwent surgery at the Department of Ophthalmology, Makati Medical Center between August 2014 and September 2015. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Makati Medical Center.

Patients with any ophthalmic pathology that signi cantly affected vision especially those with macular involvement such as known cases of uveitis, glaucoma, and diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy with central macular involvement were excluded from this study. Any intraoperative complication was also considered as exclusion criteria. All eyes underwent basic ophthalmic examination preoperatively, which included visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and dilated fundus exam.

OCT examination using Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin CA, USA) was done and measured by a single technician preoperatively, 1 day and 14 days postoperatively. The scanning protocols that were used in all patients were Macular Cube 512 x 128 in order to assess the macular thickness parameters (Central Sub eld Thickness [CST], Cube Average Thickness [CAT], Cube Macular Volume [CV]). The macular cube 512 x 128 protocol performs 512 horizontal B­scan sections with 128 A­scans for each section over an area of 6 mm x 6 mm, providing a thickness map with concentric sectors that comprised the 9 macular map regions of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1. 3D visualization of macular cube over a 6×6 mm region. The CV and CAT refer to the internal limiting membrane to retinal pigment epithelium tissue layer over the entire 6×6 mm square scanned area.

Figure 2. Diagram with the 9 regions of the ETDRS macular map. The concentric circles have a diameter of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm. CST: central sub eld thickness.

Patients were operated by different surgeons using the In niti Phacoemulsi cation System (Alcon Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) under local anesthesia with topical and intracameral anesthesia. Foldable intraocular lenses were implanted. CDE was recorded at the end of each procedure. Fourth­generation quinolone eye drops and prednisolone acetate eye drops were prescribed to all patients postoperatively. No topical nonsteroidal anti-in ammatory drug (NSAID) eye drops were given before or after the surgery.

Parameters were summarized using mean and standard deviation. To determine the correlation between parameters, Pearson’s correlation coef cients and degree of association, and coef cient of determination (r2) were used. All valid data were included in the analysis. Null hypothesis was rejected at 0.05 alpha level of signi cance. STATA 12 was used for data analysis.

 

RESULTS

A total of 100 eyes from 93 subjects were examined for foveal thickness and CDE exposure post-phacoemulsi cation. At 12.42 ± 11.05 of mean CDE exposure, the fovea increased in thickness in all measured parameters: central sub eld thickness; cube volume; and cube average thickness (Table 1).

The relationship between CDE measured intra­ operatively and the change in foveal thickness values from baseline to postoperative Day 1 and Day 14 were examined. The correlation coef cients obtained for CST, CV and CAT had low association to CDE. Furthermore, only the correlation coef cients of the difference between baseline and Day 1 of CST, and the difference between baseline and Day 14 observations of CV were signi cant (0.279 and -0.206, p=0.005 and p=0.040, respectively) but still with low degrees of association. The results may re ect the possibility that the sample size was insuf cient to produce evidence to determine an association between the other foveal thickness parameters and CDE.

Based on Figures 3 and 4, the difference of Day 1 from baseline and the difference of Day 14 from baseline of central sub eld thickness values had a direct and low association with CDE. That is, the higher the CDE, the higher is the difference of Day 1 from baseline and Day 14 from baseline of CST. However, Figures 5 to 8 revealed that the difference of Day 1 from baseline and the difference of Day 14 from baseline of CV and CAT had an inverse and low association with CDE. That is, the higher the CDE, the lower the difference of Day 1 from baseline and Day 14 from baseline of CV and CAT.

Figure 3. Correlation between the difference of central sub eld thickness (CST) of Day 1 from baseline and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) values

Figure 4. Correlation between the difference of central sub eld thickness (CST) of Day 14 from baseline and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) values

Figure 5. Correlation between the difference of cube volume (CV) of Day 1 from baseline and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) values

Figure 6. Correlation between the difference of cube volume (CV) of Day 14 from baseline and cumulative dissipated (CDE) energy values

Figure 7. Correlation between the difference of cube average thickness (CAT) of Day 1 from baseline and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) values

Figure 8. Correlation between the difference of cube average thickness (CAT) of Day 14 from baseline and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) values

 

DISCUSSION

Despite advances in phacoemulsi cation tech- niques and technology, cystoid macular edema (CME) can occur in 0.6 to 6% of patients after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Though rare in occurrence, the most important cause of permanent decrease in visual acuity after cataract surgery is CME.8 An increase in prostaglandin production due to free­radical release following surgical trauma causes changes in the macula. Prostaglandin and other in ammatory factors are concentrated in the aqueous humor, penetrate the vitreous body, and alter the blood­retina barrier permeability at the macula, resulting to accumulation of uid in extracellular spaces.9 Since CDE equates to amount of phacoemulsi cation power or duration of surgery which result in more damage to ocular tissue, it is hypothesized that an increased CDE may result in a higher or longer release of in ammatory factors, thus thicker foveal thickness after surgery.

In this study, the fovea increased in thickness postoperatively in all measured parameters (CST, CV and CAT). Degenring et al. found an increase in foveal area thickness on postoperative days 7, 30 and 60. Using OCT, Lobo found postoperative increases in retinal thickness that peaked at 6 weeks and were still present in 22% of patients 30 weeks after surgery. Other studies, however, have not come to the same conclusion. Ching et al. in 2006 showed thicker pre­ operative foveal thickness than postoperatively. his could be due to a variety of factors, including the use of different instruments, different methods for analyzing data, and dissimilar control groups. Another element to consider is that OCT examinations can be in uenced by any media opacity, such as lens opacity and postoperative corneal edema, which may explain the difference in the measurement of retinal thickness.1

The low association of the foveal parameters to CDE may be due to the possibility that the sample size was inadequate. The researchers would have preferred to include more patients with higher CDE values. However, the inability to obtain a reliable OCT scan due to increased density of the cataract made it unfeasible. In addition, the use of minimal phacoemulsi cation energy resulted in overall lower CDE values which may make it insuf cient to produce evidence to determine association between foveal thickness and CDE.

The regression plots shown in Figures 3 to 8 show the association of CST, CV and CAT to CDE. The direct correlation shown in Figures 3 and 4 compared to the inverse correlation shown in Figures 5 to 8 implies that thickening in the central 1 mm sub eld centered at the fovea is more prominent as compared to the peri­ and parafoveal areas. Similarly, a study by Mourgela et al. analyzed macular thickness after uncomplicated cataract surgery. The results showed signi cant increase of macular thickness parameters, both at 1st and 3rd month postoperative visits while CV and CAT were signi cantly decreased between postoperative visits.

This study is limited by the relatively homogenous CDE values obtained and a short follow­up period of 2 weeks. A longer follow­up is necessary in order to further assess macular thickness changes. The subjects’ systemic illnesses were not taken into account in this This study is limited by the relatively homogenous CDE values obtained and a short follow­up period of 2 weeks. A longer follow­up is necessary in order to further assess macular thickness changes. The subjects’ systemic illnesses were not taken into account in this

Even though postoperative increase in foveal thickness may be minimal and clinically asymptomatic, it represents a key occurrence which may lead to formation of CME. Taking into account the increasingly large number of patients undergoing phacoemulsi cation surgery, despite the fact that clinically signi cant CME is rare, it is critical for us to comprehend the mechanisms and postoperative changes in the macular region in relation to cataract surgery. Further studies are needed to investigate a possible relation between CDE and foveal thickness.

 

CONCLUSION

There is a low, signi cant, direct association of the difference of CST on Day 1 from baseline with CDE, and a low, signi cant, indirect association of the difference of CV on Day 14 from baseline with CDE after routine phacoemulsi cation.

 

REFERENCES

1. Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impair- ment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96:614–618.
2. ChingHY,WongAC,WongCC,etal.Cystoidmacularoedema and changes in retinal thickness after phacoemulsi cation with optical coherence tomography. Eye (Lond) 2006;20:297­ 303.
3. Chen M, Chen M. Comparison of CDE data in phaco­ emulsi cation between an open hospital-based ambulatory surgical center and a free­standing ambulatory surgical center. Clin Ophthalmol 2010;4:1287­9.
4. Georgopoulos GT, Papaconstantinou D, Niskopoulou M, et al. Foveal thickness after phacoemulsi cation as measured by optical coherence tomography. Clin Ophthalmol 2008;2:817­ 20.
5. Mahdy MAES, Eid MZ, Mohammed MAB, et al. Relationship between endothelial cell loss and microcoaxial phacoemulsi cation parameters in noncomplicated cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol 2012;6:503­10.
6. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs – an extension of the modi ed Airlie House classi cation. ETDRS report number 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991;98(5 Suppl):786­806.
7. Riley AF, Malik TY, Grupcheva CN, et al. The Auckland cataract study: co-morbidity, surgical techniques, and clinical outcomes in a public hospital service. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:185­90.
8. Mentes J, Erakgun T, Afrashi F, et al. Incidence of cystoid macular edema after uncomplicated phacoemulsi cation. Ophthalmologica 2003;217:408­12.
9. Miyake K, Ibaraki N. Prostaglandins and cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 2002;47:S203­18.
10. Degenring RF, Vey S, Kamppeter B, et al. Effect of uncomplicated phacoemulsi cation on the central retina in diabetic and non­diabetic subjects. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:18­23.
11. Lobo CL, Faria PM, Soares MA, et al. Macular alterations after small­incision cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004;30:752­60.
12. van Velthoven ME, Van der Linden MH, De Smet MD, et al. In uence of cataract on optical coherence tomography image quality and retinal thickness. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1259­ 62.
13. Anastasilakis K, Mourgela A, Symeonidis C, et al. Macular edema after uncomplicated cataract surgery: a role for phacoemulsi cation energy and vitreoretinal interface status. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015;25(3):192­7.