Comparative Efficacy of Smartphone Imaging with 3D-Printed Adaptor versus Fundus Camera for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening

Abstract

Objective: To determine if dilated smartphone photography with a 3D-printed adaptor for a fundus lens can be an alternative screening tool for diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: This was a single-center, prospective, comparative study of 102 eyes of patients with diabetes mellitus. DR screening was performed using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) as the reference standard, alongside two imaging modalities: a traditional fundus camera and a smartphone equipped with a 3Dprinted adaptor. Coded images were evaluated by three masked retina specialists. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios were calculated for both imaging modalities.

Results: DR gradings of both imaging modalities were compared to BIO and showed very good agreement (κ 0.94-0.96 95% CI 0.93-0.99). Both have high levels of interobserver reliability (kappa value 0.88-0.92 95% CI 0.84-0.96) and intraobserver reliability (kappa value 0.85-1.00 95% CI 0.64-1.00). Smartphone and Visucam 500 images can detect presence of DR with a sensitivity of 93.9% (95% CI 83.1-98.7) and 91.8% (95% CI 80.4- 97.7); and a specificity of 90.6% (95% CI 79.3-96.9) and 92.5% (95% CI 81.8-97.9), respectively, as well as the presence of vision threatening DR with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 91.2-100) and specificity of 85.5% (95% CI 74.2-93.1). Image quality was similar between the two imaging modalities (P=1.00)

Conclusion: Smartphone-based imaging with an attached 3D-printed adaptor offers high sensitivity and reliability comparable to a traditional fundus camera, and can be used an alternative for DR screening.